[inserted in ink: PP P Butler.s August ye 6th. 1787 -] We the People of the States of New-Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New-York, New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, do ordain, declare and establish the following Constitution for the Government of Ourselves and our Posterity. ARTICLE I. The stile of this Government shall be, "The United States of America." II. The Government shall consist of supreme legislative, executive and judicial powers. III. The legislative power shall be vested in a Congress, to consist of two separate and distinct bodies of men, a House of Representatives, and a Senate; [struck: each of which shall, in all cases, have a negative on the other.] [inserted in ink: out] The Legislature shall meet on the first Monday in December in every year. [inserted in pencil: unless a different day shall be appointed by Law-] [inserted in ink: at least Once every Year & such meeting shall be on the first Monday &ca] IV. Sect. 1. The Members of the House of Representatives shall be chosen every second year, by the people of the several States comprehended within this Union. The qualifications of the electors shall be the same, from time to time, as those of the electors in the several States, of the most numerous branch of their own legislatures. Sect. 2. Every Member of the House of Representatives shall be of the age of twenty-five years at least; shall have been a citizen [struck: in] [inserted in ink: of] the United States for at least [struck: three] [inserted in ink: seven] years before his election; and shall be, at the time of his election, [struck: resident] [inserted in ink: an inhabitant] of the State in which he shall be chosen. Sect. 3. The House of Representatives shall, at its first formation, and until the number of citizens and inhabitants shall be taken in the manner herein after described, consist of sixty-five Members, of whom three shall be chosen in New-Hampshire, eight in Massachusetts, one in Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations, five in Connecticut, six in New-York, four in New-Jersey, eight in Pennsylvania, one in Delaware, six in Maryland, ten in Virginia, five in North-Carolina, five in South-Carolina, and three in Georgia. Sect. 4. As the proportions of numbers in the different States will alter from time to time; [inserted in ink: &] as some of the States may hereafter be divided; as others may be enlarged by addition of territory; as two or more States may be united; as new States will be erected within the limits of the United States, the Legislature shall, in each of these cases, regulate the number of representatives by the number of inhabitants, according to the provisions herein after made, [struck: by] [inserted in ink: not exceeding] the [struck: rate] of one for every forty thousand [inserted in ink: & provided every State shall have one Representative . . .]. [inserted on side in ink: hereafter mentioned the rule for direct taxation Article 7th Section 3d. [strikeout] Sect. 5. All bills for raising or appropriating money, and for fixing the salaries of the officers of government, shall originate in the House of Representatives, and shall not be altered or amended by the Senate. No money shall be drawn from the public Treasury, but in pursuance of appropriations that shall originate in the House of Representatives. [inserted in ink: this out.] Sect. 6. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment. It shall choose its Speaker and other officers. Sect. 7. Vacancies in the House of Representatives shall be supplied by writs of election from the executive authority of the State, in the representation from which they shall happen. [inserted in pencil: The Same being notified by the Speaker of the House] V. [2] [2] V. Sect.1. The Senate of the United States shall be chosen by the Legislatures of the several States. Each Legislature shall chuse two members. [inserted in ink: Vacancies happening by refusals, resignations or otherwise may be supplied by the Legislature of the State in the Representation of which such Vacancies, shall happen or by the Executives thereof untill the next meeting of the Legislature by Death.] Vacancies may be supplied by the Executives until the next meeting of the Legislature. Each member shall have one vote. Sect. 2. The Senators shall be chosen for six years; but immediately after [inserted in ink: they shall be assembled in Consequence of] the first election they shall be divided, by lot, into three classes, as nearly as may be, numbered one, two and three. The seats of the members of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that a third part of the members may be chosen every second year [inserted in pencil: this regulation not extending to an exclusion in case of a re Election.] Sect. 3. Every member of the Senate shall be of the age of thirty years at least; shall have been a citizen [struck: in] [inserted: of] the United States for at least [struck: four] [inserted: Nine] years before his election; and shall be, at the time of his election, a [resident replaced by: inhabitant] of the State for which he shall be chosen. Sect. 4. The Senate shall chuse its own President and other officers. [inserted in pencil: to Continue during] VI. Sect. 1. The times and places and the manner of holding the elections [struck: of] [inserted: for] the members of each House shall be prescribed by the Legislature of each State; [inserted: respectively] but their provisions concerning them may, at any time, be altered by the Legislature of the United States. Sect. 2. The Legislature of the United States shall have authority to establish such uniform qualifications of the members of each house, with regard to property, as to the said Legislature shall seem expedient. [inserted in ink: out] Sect. 3. In each House a majority of the members shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day [inserted in ink: and be Authorized to Compell the attendance of absent Members in such manner & under such penalties as Each House may provide]. Sect. 4. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members. Sect. 5. Freedom of speech and debate in the Legislature shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of the Legislature; and the members of each House shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at Congress, and in going to and returning from it. Sect. 6. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings; may punish its members for disorderly [inserted in pencil: improper] behaviour; and [inserted in ink: with the concurrence of 2/3d] may expel a member. Sect. 7. The House of Representatives, and the Senate, [struck: when it shall be acting in a legislative capacity], shall keep a journal of their proceedings, and shall, from time to time, publish them: [inserted in ink: except such parts thereof or in their judgements ought to kept Secret -] and the yeas and nays of the members of each House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth part of the members present, be entered on the journal. [inserted in pencil: Any member or members of the Senate may may Enter His papers for dissenting.] Sect. 8. [inserted in ink: During the Session of the Legislature . . .] Neither House, without the consent of the other, shall adjourn for more than three days nor to any other place than that at which the two Houses are sitting. [struck: But this regulation shall not extend to the Senate, when it shall exercise the powers mentioned in the] article. Sect. 9. The members of each House shall be ineligible to, and incapable of holding any office under the authority of the United States, during the time for which they shall respectively be elected: and the members of the Senate shall be ineligible to, and incapable of holding any such office for one year afterwards. Sect. [3] Sect. 10. The members of each House shall receive a compensation for their services, [struck: to be ascertained and paid by the State, in which they shall be chosen.] [inserted in ink: payd out of the Treasury of the United States to be ascertained by Law.] Sect. 11. The enacting stile of the laws of the United States shall be. "Be it enacted, [struck: and it is hereby enacted by the House of Representatives, and] by the Senate [struck: of the United States,] [inserted in pencil: and representatives] in Congress assembled. Sect. 12. Each House shall possess the right of originating bills, except in the cases beforementioned. Sect. 13. Every bill, which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United States, for his revision: if, upon such revision, he approve of it, he shall signify his approbation by signing it: But if, upon such revision, it shall appear to him improper for being passed into a law, he shall return it, together with his objections against it, to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider the bill. But if, after such reconsideration, two thirds of that House shall, notwithstanding the objections of the President, agree to pass it, it shall, together with his objections, be sent to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two thirds of the other House also, it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays; and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered in the Journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within seven days after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law, unless the Legislature, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law. [inserted in ink: Every Order, Resolution or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate & House of Representatives may be necessary, except on a question of Adjournment and in the Cases herein after mentioned shall be presented to the President for His Revision; and before the same shall have force, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by Him shall be repassed by the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules & limitations presented in the case of a Bill.] VI[I]. Sect. 1. The Legislature of the United States shall have the power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, [struck: and] among the several States; [inserted in ink: and with Indians [struck: with [illegiblei] the [illegible] of any State] Tribes]; To establish an uniform rule of naturalization throughout the United States; To coin money; To regulate the value of foreign coin; To fix the standard of weights and measures; To establish post-offices; [inserted in ink: & post Bonds]; To borrow money, and emit bills on the credit of the United States; To appoint a Treasurer by [inserted in ink: Joint] ballot; To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court; To make rules concerning captures on land and water; To [struck: declare the law and punishment of] [inserted in ink: define & punish] piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, [struck: and the] [inserted in ink: to] punish [struck: ment of] [inserted in ink: the] counterfeiting [inserted in ink: of public Securities and] the [inserted in ink: current] coin of the United States, and [struck: of] offences against the law of nations; To subdue a rebellion in any State, on the application of its Legislature; [inserted in ink: out] To [struck: make] [inserted in ink: declare] war; To raise [inserted in ink: & support] armies; [inserted in ink: to provide & maintain a Navy, and to make rules for the Government & regulations of the Land and Naval Forces...] To build [struck: and equip fleets;] [inserted in pen: out] To [struck: call forth the aid of] [inserted in ink: provide for Calling forth] the militia, [struck: in order] to execute the laws of the Union, enforce treaties, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions; And to make all laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested, by this Constitution, in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sect. 2. Treason [marked for deletion: against the United States] shall consist only in levying war against the United States, [marked for deletion: or any of them;] [struck: and] [inserted in ink: or] in adhering to the [inserted in ink: ir] enemies [marked for deletion: of] [inserted in ink: or giving them aid & Comfort] [marked for deletion: the United States, or any of them.] The Legislature [marked for deletion: of the United States] shall have power to declare the punishment of treason. No person shall be con Victed [4] [4] victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses [inserted in ink: to the same overt act or in confession in open court.] No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, nor forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. [inserted in pencil: The Legislature shall pass no Bill of attainder nor any ex post facto Laws.] Sect. 3. The proportions of direct taxation shall be regulated by the whole number of [struck: white and other] free citizens and inhabitants, of every age, sex and condition, including those bound to servitude for a term of years, and three fifths of all other persons not comprehended in the foregoing description, (except Indians not paying taxes) which number shall, within [struck: six] [inserted in ink: three] years after the first meeting of the Legislature, and within the term of every ten years afterwards, be taken in such manner as the said Legislature shall direct. Sect. 4. No tax or duty shall be laid by the Legislature on articles exported from any State; [marked for deletion: nor on the migration or importation of such persons as the several States shall think proper to admit; nor shall such migration or importation be prohibited.] [inserted in ink: The migration and Importation of such persons as the Several States now Existing shall think proper to admit shall not be prohibited by the Legislature prior to 1808. But a Tax or Duty may be Imposed on such Importation not exceeding Ten Dollars for each person.] Sect. 5. No capitation tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census herein before directed to be taken. Sect. 6. No navigation act shall be passed without the assent of two-thirds of the members present in each House. Sect. 7. The United States shall not grant any title of nobility. VII[inserted in ink: I] [inserted in ink: This Constitution and] The [struck: acts] [inserted in ink: Laws] of the [struck: Legislature of the] United States [inserted in ink: which shall be] made in pursuance [printed text marked for deletion: of this constitution] [inserted in ink: thereof], and all treaties made [inserted in ink: or to be made] under the authority of the United States shall be the supreme law of the several States, and of their citizens and inhabitants; and the judges in the several States shall be bound thereby in their decisions; any thing in the constitutions or laws of the several States to the contrary nothwithstanding. VIII [inserted in ink: I] - [inserted in ink: IX] Sect. 1. The Senate of the United States shall have power to make treaties, and to appoint ambassadors, and judges of the supreme court. Sect. 2. In all disputes and controversies now subsisting, or that may hereafter subsist between two or more States, respecting jurisdiction or territory, the Senate shall possess the following powers. Whenever the Legislature, or the Executive authority, or the lawful agent of any State, in controversy with another, shall, by memorial to the Senate, state the matter in question, and apply for a hearing; notice of such memorial and application shall be given, by order of the Senate, to the Legislature or the Executive Authority of the other State in controversy. The Senate shall also assign a day for the appearance of the parties, by their agents, before that House. The agents shall be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question. But if the agents cannot agree, the Senate shall name three persons out of each of the several States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more than nine names, as the Senate shall direct, shall, in their presence, be drawn out by lot; and the persons, whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them shall be commissioners or judges to hear and finally determine the controversy; provided a majority of the judges, who shall hear the cause, agree in the determination. If either party shall neglect to attend at the day assigned, without shewing sufficient reasons for not attending, or, being present, shall refuse to strike, the Senate shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the clerk of the Senate shall strike in behalf of the party absent or refusing. If any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such court; or shall not appear to prosecute or defend their claim or [5] [5] or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce judgment. The judgment shall be final and conclusive. The proceedings shall be transmitted to the President of the Senate, and shall be lodged among the public records for the security of the parties concerned. Every commissioner shall, before he sit in judgment, take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favour, affection, or hope of reward." Sect. 3. All controversies concerning lands claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions, as they respect such lands, shall have been decided or adjusted subsequent to such grants, or any of them, shall, on application to the Senate, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding controversies between different States. [struck: I] X. Sect. 1. The Executive Power of the United States shall be vested in a single person. His stile shall be, "The President of the United States of America;" and his title shall be, "His Excellency." He shall be elected by [inserted in ink: Joint] ballot by the Legislature [inserted in ink: To which Election a Majority of the Votes of the Members present shall be required-]. He shall hold his office during the term of seven years; but shall not be elected a second time. Sect. 2. He shall, from time to time, give [marked for deletion: information] to the Legislature [inserted in ink: information] of the State of the Union: [struck: he may] [inserted in ink: &] recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary, and expedient: [marked for deletion: he] [inserted: He] may convene them on extraordinary occasions [inserted in ink: &] In case of disagreement between the two Houses, with regard to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he [inserted in ink: shall] think proper: he shall take care that the laws of the United Sates be duly and faithfully executed: he shall commission all the officers of the United States; and shall appoint [struck: officers] [inserted in ink: to all offices Established by this Constitution except Cases herein otherwise provided for & to all offices which may hereafter be Created by Law -] in all cases not otherwise provided by this constitution. He shall receive Ambassadors [struck: and may correspond with the Supreme Executives of the Several States.] [inserted in ink: and other public Ministers.] He shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons; [struck: but his pardon shall not be pleadable in bar of an impeachment] [inserted in ink: except in Cases of Impeachment]. He shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and [inserted in ink: of such part] of the Militia of the several States [inserted in ink: when called into actual service of the United States]. He shall, at stated times, receive for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during his continuance in office. Before he shall enter on the duties of his department, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation, "I - solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States of America [inserted in ink: And will to the Best of my Judgment and power preserve, protect & defend the Constitution of the United States -] He shall be removed from his office on impeachment by the House of Representatives, and conviction in the Supreme Court, of treason, bribery, or corruption. In case of his removal as aforesaid, death, resignation, or disability to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the President of the Senate shall exercise those powers and duties until another President of the United States be chosen, or until the disability of the President be removed. X [inserted: I]. Sect 1. The Judicial Power of the United States [inserted in ink: both in Law and Equity] shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such Inferior Courts as shall, when necessary, from time to time, be constituted by the Legislature of the United States. Sect. 2. The Judges of the Supreme Court, and of the Inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour. They shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sect. 3. The [marked for deletion: Jurisdiction of the Supreme] [inserted in ink: Judicial power] Court shall extend to all cases [inserted in ink: both in Law & Equity] arising under [inserted in ink: this Constitution the] laws [marked for deletion: passed by the Legislature] of the United States [inserted in ink: or Treaties made or which shall be made under their Authority]; to all cases affecting Ambassadors, other Public Ministers and Consuls; to the trial of im preachment [6] [6] peachments of Officers of the United States; to all cases of Admiralty and Maritime Jurisdiction; to Controversies [inserted in ink: in which the U.S. shall be a party to controversies] between two or more States [struck: (except such as shall regard Territory or Jurisdiction)] between a State and citizens of another State, between citizens of different States [inserted in pencil: Citizens of the same State Claiming Lands under Grants from different States -] and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In cases of Impeachment, cases affecting Ambassadors, other Public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be party [inserted in ink: The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction] [inserted in ink: [] this Jurisdiction shall be original [inserted in ink: . In all other cases beforementioned [marked for deletion: it shall be appellate] [inserted in ink: The Supreme Court shall have an appellate jurisdiction] with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Legislature shall make. [inserted in ink: [] The Legislature may assign any part of the jurisdiction abovementioned (except the trial of the President of the United States) in the manner and under the limitations which it shall think proper, to such Inferior courts as it shall constitute from time to time.] [inserted in ink: ] out] Sect. 4. The trial of all [struck: criminal] [inserted in ink: Crimes] offences (except in cases of impeachments) shall be [inserted in ink: by Jury and such Trials shall be held] in the State where [inserted in ink: the said Crimes shall have been Committed but when not Committed within any State then the said Trial shall be in such place or places as the Legislature may direct -] [inserted in ink: [] they shall [inserted in ink: [struck: committed:] [inserted in ink: [] and shall be by jury. [inserted in ink: Sect. 5. [inserted in ink: The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be Suspended, unless when in cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public safety may require it] Judgment, in cases of Impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honour, trust or profit under the United States. But the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according to law. XI [inserted in ink: I]. No State shall coin money [inserted in ink: Nor emitt bills of Creditt, nor make anything but gold or Silver Coin a Tender in payment of debts, nor pass any Bill of Attainder or ex-post-facto laws -]; nor grant letters of marque and reprisal; nor enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; nor grant any title of nobility. XII [inserted in ink: I]. No State, without the consent of the Legislature of the United Sates, shall [inserted in ink: [] emit bills of credit, or make anything but specie a tender in payment of debts; [inserted in ink: lay imposts or duties on imports [inserted in ink: nor exports nor with such consent but for the use of the U States] nor keep troops or ships of war in time of peace; nor enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with any foreign power; nor engage in any war, unless it shall be actually invaded by enemies, or the danger of invasion be so imminent, as not to admit of a delay, until the Legislature of the United States can be consulted. XIII [inserted in ink: I] The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. X [struck: I] V. Any person charged with treason, felony, or [struck: high misdemeanor] [inserted in ink: other crime] in any State, who shall flee from justice, and shall be found in any other State, shall, on demand of the Executive Power of the State from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the offence. [inserted in ink: If any person bound to service or labor [inserted: [illegible] of the US] shall escape into another State, He or She shall not be discharged from such service or labor in consequence of any regulations subsisting in the State to which they escape; but shall be delivered up to the person justly Claiming their service or labor] XV [inserted in ink: I]. Full faith shall be given in each State to the acts of the Legislatures, and to the records and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State. XVI [inserted in ink: I XVII] New States lawfully constituted or established within the limits of the United States may be admitted, by the Legislature, into this government; but to such admission the consent of two thirds of the Members present in each House shall be necessary. If a new State shall arise within the limits of any of the present States, the consent of the Legislatures of such States shall be also necessary to its admission. [inserted: [] If the admission be consented to, the new States shall be admitted on the same terms with the original States. But the Legislature may make conditions with the new States concerning the public debt, which shall be then subsisting. [inserted in pencil: out [7] XVII [inserted in ink: I] The United States shall guaranty to each State a Republican form of government; and shall protect each State against [struck: foreign] invasions, and, on the application of its Legislature, [inserted in ink: or Executive] against domestic violence. XVIII [inserted in ink: I] On the application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the States in the Union, for an amendment of this Constitution, the Legislature of the United States shall call a Convention for that purpose. X [struck: I] X. The Members of the Legislatures, and the executive and judicial officers of the United States, and of the several States, shall be bound by oath [inserted in ink: or affirmation] to support this Constitution, [inserted in ink: but no Religious Test shall ever be required as a qualification to any Office or public trust under the Authority of the United States.] XX XVIII [inserted in ink: I]. The ratification of the Conventions of States shall be sufficient for organising this Constitution. XX [inserted: II]. This Constitution shall be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, [struck: for their approbation]; and it is the opinion of this Convention that it should be afterwards submitted to a Convention chosen in each State, under the recommendation of its Legislature, in order to receive the ratification of such Convention. XXII[inserted: I]. To introduce this government, it is the opinion of this Convention, that each assenting Convention should notify its assent and ratification to the United States in Congress assembled; that Congress, after receiving the assent and ratification of the Conventions of [inserted in ink: Nine] States, should appoint and publish a day, as early as may be, and appoint a place for commencing proceedings under this Constitution; that after such publication, the Legislatures of the several states should elect Members of the Senate, and direct the election of Members of the House of Representatives; and that the Members of the Legislature should meet at the time and place assigned by Congress, and should, as soon as may be, after their meeting, choose the President of the United States, and proceed to execute this Constitution.