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| Field name | Value |
|---|---|
| Collection Reference Number | GLC07336 |
| From Archive Folder | Documents Relating to 1700-1753 |
| Title | New-York Weekly Journal. [Vol. 933, no. 80 (May 19, 1735)] |
| Date | 19 May 1735 |
| Author | Zenger, John Peter (1697-1746) |
| Document Type | Newspapers and Magazines |
| Content Description | Argues for the education of "women of quality." States several reasons why education should be more available to women: a woman's domestic lifestyle is better suited learning than a man's lifestyle and women's natural gift of speech can be put to better use in education than in bitter gossip. Also includes a section on foreign affairs with news from Warsaw, the Hague, and London. Section on local New York news and entries and departures from the New York Customs House. An advertisement section includes an announcement for the sale of a young woman slave by the name of Mary Kippin. |
| Subjects | Education Reform Women's History Education Global History and Civics Foreign Affairs Maritime Commerce Slavery Slave Sale |
| People | Zenger, John Peter (1697-1746) |
| Place written | New York, New York |
| Theme | Education; Foreign Affairs; Merchants & Commerce; Slavery & Abolition; Women in American History |
| Sub-collection | The Gilder Lehrman Collection, 1493-1859 |
| Additional Information | German-born printer John Peter Zenger emigrated to America in 1710 and became an apprentice in the printing office of William Bradford the elder. On 5 November, 1733, Zenger began publishing the "New York Weekly Journal" which became the organ of the party that was opposed to the provincial governor. Its lampoons severely attacked the government and greatly contributed toward the loosening of bonds between England and the colonies. Zenger's subsequent trial- and acquittal-on charges of libel has been termed "the morning star of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized America." In October of 1734, New York governor William Cosby ordered his chief justice to charge the Journal with libel; twice however, the grand jury refused to return indictments, citing a lack of evidence regarding the identity of the author of the libels. The governor then ordered the hangman to burn the offending papers in the presence of the mayor and magistrates. Unable to prosecute the likely author of the libels, his opponent James Alexander, Cosby had a bench order issued for Zenger's arrest, and on 17 November 1734 the printer was imprisoned for " printing and publishing several seditious libels." Zenger's friends employed Andrew Hamilton, the original " Philadelphia lawyer," to defend him. As the case revolved around freedom of the press in America, all the central colonies regarded the controversy as their own. At trial Hamilton justified Zenger's publication by asserting its truth. " You cannot be permitted," the chief justice interrupted, " to give the truth of libel in evidence." "Then," Hamilton aid to the jury, "we appeal to you for witnesses of the facts. the jury have a right to determine both the law and the fact, and they ought to do so. The question before you is not the cause of a poor printer, not of New York alone; it is the cause of liberty, the liberty of opposing arbitrary power by speaking and writing truth." On 4 August 1735, the jury returned a "not guilty" verdict and Zenger, released from his 35-week imprisonment, was received with tumultuous applause. After his death, Zenger's widow and son John conducted the Journal until 1752. |
| Copyright | The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History |
| Module | Settlement, Commerce, Revolution and Reform: 1493-1859 |